When Emperor Kanmu moved the capital to Heian-ky (Kyoto), which remained the imperial capital for the next 1,000 years, he did so not only to strengthen imperial authority but also to improve his seat of government geopolitically. For example, the histroy of Nambu ironware, Hidehira-nuri (lacquerware), Nishijin brocade began in Heian period and have developed into well-known traditional Japanese crafts. In order to hold the sekkan offices, it was necessary that the person concerned should marry his daughter into the imperial family and then establish the resulting offspring as emperor. It would remain the capital of Japan for a thousand years. In 901 Tokihira, jealous of Michizanes influence, falsely reported to Daigo (who was sympathetic to the Fujiwara) that Michizane was plotting treason. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. Rather than being banished, the Fujiwara were mostly retained in their old positions of civil dictator and minister of the center while being bypassed in decision making. During this time, Japan saw a period of cultural development. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. New institutions developed during the Heian period that added complexity to the Bureaucratic structure of the Central Government. Many Fujiwara statesmen would act as regent for three or four emperors during their career. Still, despite these exchanges, the lack of regular missions between the two states from the 10th century CE meant that the Heian Period overall saw a diminishing in the influence of Chinese culture, which meant that Japanese culture began to find its own unique path of development. He holds an MA in Political Philosophy and is the WHE Publishing Director. This content was made possible with generous support from the Great Britain Sasakawa Foundation. The approximately four centuries that comprise the . As the Soga clan had taken control of the throne in the sixth century, the Fujiwara by the ninth century had intermarried with the imperial family, and one of their members was the first head of the Emperor's Private Office. It was brought to Japan by the monk Saich. [18] The Heian period produced a flowering of poetry including works of Ariwara no Narihira, Ono no Komachi, Izumi Shikibu, Murasaki Shikibu, Saigy and Fujiwara no Teika. https://www.worldhistory.org/Heian_Period/. Whether the script was Chinese or Japanese, good writing and artistic skill were paramount to social reputation when it came to poetry. Educated men and women of the day, however, gradually evolved a system of writing that used a purely phonetic, syllabic script formed by simplifying a certain number of the Chinese characters; another script was created by abbreviating Chinese characters. This is implicitly illustrated in novels by the terror that night travel inspired in the main characters. The period, named after the capital Heiankyo, closes with the Genpei War in which the Minamoto were victorious and . Since many of these local officials had for centuries practiced martial skills, a number of powerful provincial aristocrats developed significant armed forces. Multiplate designs used in the Heian period required small plates which are simpler to made with period technology. Heian Period. Kyoto was the centre of a government which consisted of the emperor, his high ministers, a council of state and eight ministries which, with the help of an extensive bureaucracy, ruled over some 7,000,000 people spread over 68 provinces, each ruled by a regional governor and further divided into eight or nine districts. The Heian period ( Heian jidai) is the last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. One year before his death in 1199, Yoritomo expelled the teenaged emperor Go-Toba from the throne. World History Encyclopedia, 05 May 2017. Thanks to the kana, a great amount of verse and prose in Japanese was to be produced. Cartwright, M. (2017, May 05). Three late-tenth-century and early-11th-century women presented their views of life and romance at the Heian court in Kager Nikki by "the mother of Fujiwara Michitsuna", The Pillow Book by Sei Shnagon and The Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu. Shen holders had access to manpower and, as they obtained improved military technology (such as new training methods, more powerful bows, armor, horses, and superior swords) . In time, Confucianism and Buddhism established themselves on the Korean peninsula. This period is named after the capital city of Heian-Kyo, or modern Kyoto. Following Kanmu's death in 806 and a succession struggle among his sons, two new offices were established in an effort to adjust the TaikaTaih administrative structure. Considered one of the culturally richest epochs in Japanese history, the Heian Period saw the zenith of court high culture. The "Heian nobles" refer to the noblemen in the Heian Period. This style is called Kyo-zori () or Torii-zori (). The move to the capital of Heian-ky (modern day . Spanning from 794 to 1185, the Heian period saw the capital being moved to modern Kyoto. As culture flourished, so did decentralization. The period is named after the capital city of Heianky, or modern Kyto. Pure Land religion was very approachable in that it eschewed difficult theories and ascetic practices, teaching that in order to achieve rebirth it was necessary only to invoke the name of Amida and dwell on the marks of his divinity. During the Heian period, beauty was widely considered an important part of what made one a "good" person. Finally, an edict issued in 1069 recognized all estates established before 1045 and set up an office to investigate shen records, thus legitimizing the accumulation of private estates. Nara was abandoned after only 70 years in part due to the ascendancy of Dky and the encroaching secular power of the Buddhist institutions there. ), This page was last edited on 17 January 2023, at 11:10. In cosmetic terms, aristocratic men and women powdered their faces and blackened their teeth, the latter termed ohaguro. The hiragana scriptlargely shunned by men, who composed official documents in stilted Chineseprovided such women with an opportunity to create works of literature. The entry of the warrior class into court influence was a result of the Hgen Rebellion. Back in the provinces, new power-brokers were emerging. Government and its administration came to be dominated by the Fujiwara clan who eventually were challenged by the Minamoto and Taira clans. As a result, Tendai emphasized great reverence for the emperor and the nation. Kammu was a supporter of Buddhism for both national and individual purposes. It was marked by its main, central building which invariably faced south, and the secondary buildings surrounding and attached to it by a startling array of different types of covered corridors and . As the most powerful family, the Fujiwara governed Japan and determined the general affairs of state, such as succession to the throne. Born into a family of scholars, Michizane was an outstanding scholar whose ability in writing Chinese verse and prose was said to rival that of the Chinese themselves. As headquarters of their new sects, Saich and Kkai founded, respectively, the Enryaku Temple on Mount Hiei and the Kongbu Temple on Mount Kya. Uda appointed Michizane and Fujiwara Tokihira to a succession of government posts. Poetry was very popular in Heian-kyo at the time. It is a period in Japanese history when the Chinese influences were in decline and the national culture matured. However, in the Genpei War (1180-1185), the Minamoto returned victorious, and at the war's finale, the Battle of Dannoura, the Taira leader, Tomamori, and the young emperor Antoku committed suicide. This led to a rise in population, and to increased warfare, leading to the rise of many powerful and warlike chiefdoms - Chinese chronicles of the period refer to the "100 kingdoms". Poetry, in particular, was a staple of court life. The Heian period began in 794 with the installation of the imperial capital in Kyoto and ended in 1185 with the birth of the Kamakura shogunate. [9] Tang China was in a state of decline, and Chinese Buddhists were severely persecuted, undermining Japanese respect for Chinese institutions. Yoshifusas son Mototsune became sessh during the minority of the succeeding emperor Yzei, and then in the reign of the emperor Uda, he created the post of kampaku. In the ninth and tenth centuries, much authority was lost to the great families, who disregarded the Chinese-style land and tax systems imposed by the government in Kyoto. Shape - The length of a sword is approximately 30 inches a few inches. Many shen were not properly certified, and large landholders, like the Fujiwara, felt threatened with the loss of their lands. Another example of the divergence between form and reality is the fact that while, on the surface, appointments to official posts were made in accord with ritsury stipulations, real power shifted to other posts that were newly created outside the codes as the occasion demanded. The social reality, however, became increasingly chaotic, and form and actuality were soon traveling along quite different courses. The Cambridge History of Japan, Vol. In the . This flourishing of women's writing was largely due to the Fujiwara ensuring that their sponsored women at court were surrounded by an interesting and educated entourage in order to attract the affections of the emperor and safeguard their monopoly on state affairs. He perished, but his mother survived. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. Thanks to such agreements, the estates of the aristocracy increased steadily, and their incomes swelled proportionately. [5] Kyoto had good river access to the sea and could be reached by land routes from the eastern provinces. Such was the demand for art that for the first time a class of professional artists arose, the work previously having been created by scholar monks. Japanese knives find their roots in the Heian period of Japan (about 794 to 1185 AD). Two of Go-Toba's sons succeeded him, but they would also be removed by Yoritomo's successors to the shogunate. In 1159, the Taira and Minamoto clashed (Heiji Rebellion), and a twenty-year period of Taira ascendancy began. These doctrines offered solace to the populace during the social upheaval that occurred in the late Heian period, which was marked by local disturbances and armed struggle among provincial military bands. Little authority was left for traditional institutions, and government affairs were handled through the Fujiwara clan's private administration. The Heian period is noted for its cultural achievements, at least at the imperial court. Although the aristocracy and temples around the capital enjoyed exemption from taxes on their private lands, the same privileges were not available to powerful families in the provinces. While not totally new with the Fujiwarathe maternal relatives of the early Yamato rulers (notably the Soga) were the important powers at courtthe system reached its height and perfection under the Fujiwara. The warrior class made steady political gains throughout the Heian period. Until then, Japan had no writing of its own; Chinese ideographs were used both for their meaning and for their pronunciation in order to represent the Japanese language, which was entirely different grammatically from Chinese. Japan began to turn inward. The vast majority of Japan's population worked the land, either for themselves or the estates of others, and they were burdened by banditry and excessive taxation. Similar Designs. . The government and its administration were ruled by the Fujiwara clan. This fashion began as a reaction against imported Chinese Tang Dynasty fashions, which were much shorter and included ponytails or buns. Originally, private lands had been taxable, but shen owners developed various techniques to obtain special exemption from taxes, so by mid-Heian times the shen had gradually become nontaxable estates. The Tale of Genji written by Murasaki Shikibu provides a unique depiction of the lifestyles of high courtiers. [16] Almost as important was the choice of calligraphy, or handwriting, used. A struggle for succession in the mid-twelfth century gave the Fujiwara an opportunity to regain their former power. The Fujiwara family, Taira clan, and Minamoto clan were among the most prominent families supported by the new military class. "Heian Period." When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. DerpyTrees1 5 days ago. Known for its rich history, amazing technology, and colourful culture, Japan has evolved over many centuries. Recognizing his talent, the emperor Uda singled Michizane out for an attempt to break the authority of the Fujiwara family, to whom the emperor had no connection. During this time, Emperor Kammu supported the emergence of new Buddhist movements by sending students such as Saicho and Kukai to China during the Tang Dynasty.Each developed different kinds of esoteric Buddhism . Corrections? Go-Sanjo, determined to restore imperial control through strong personal rule, implemented reforms to curb Fujiwara influence. Students also went, many spending several years studying Chinese administrative practices and bringing back their knowledge to the court. The Heian period derives its name from Heian-kyo, the imperial capital that was founded in 794 AD. Kanmu endeavored to improve the Tang-style administrative system which was in use. From each of its ancient era , fashion here has created a whole new and different world., from encompassing colour palettes developed in the Heian period ,silhouettes adopted from Tang Dynasty clothing and cultural traditions, motifs taken from Japanese culture nature and . Peace and prosperity, high culture, powerful clans, new ideas and relative independence of foreign influence marked this time. It is considered Japan's "Golden Age," a high point in Japanese culture that later generations have always admired. He gave his daughter Tokuko in marriage to the young emperor Takakura, who died at only 19, leaving their infant son Antoku to succeed to the throne. An important element of Tendai doctrine was the suggestion that enlightenment was accessible to "every creature". This gave rise to Japan's famous vernacular literature, with many of its texts written by court women who were not as educated in Chinese compared to their male counterparts. From the mid-9th century the court was dominated by members of the Fujiwara family, who controlled the imperial line as regents by marrying their daughters to imperial heirs. Vividly colored yamato-e, Japanese style paintings of court life and stories about temples and shrines became common in the mid-to-late Heian period, setting patterns for Japanese art to this day. By the early Heian period, the shen had obtained legal status, and the large religious establishments sought clear titles in perpetuity, waiver of taxes, and immunity from government inspection of the shen they held. Both Kkai and Saich aimed to connect state and religion and establish support from the aristocracy, leading to the notion of "aristocratic Buddhism".[14][15]. But, being closely connected with the court and aristocracy, they tended to pursue worldly wealth and riches at the expense of purely religious goals, and it was left to the Pure Land (Jdo) sect of Buddhism to preach a religion that sought to arouse a desire for salvation in ordinary people. Submitted by Mark Cartwright, published on 05 May 2017. The Heian period (, Heian jidai) is the last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185.It followed the Nara period, beginning when the 50th emperor, Emperor Kanmu, moved the capital of Japan to Heian-ky (modern Kyoto). This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Heian-period, The Catholic Encyclopedia - Biography of Giacomo Antonelli. (794-1185) The Heian period is a span of nearly 400 years extending from 794, when Emperor Kammu established Heianky (now Kyoto) as the imperial capital of Japan, to 1185, when Minamoto no Yoritomo's forces defeated those of the Taira family, thus setting the stage for the establishment of the Kamakura Shogunate. It is a period in Japanese history when the Chinese influences were in decline and the national . Women cultivated shiny, black flowing hair and a courtly woman's formal dress included a complex "twelve-layered robe" called jnihitoe, though the actual number of layers varied. There was great interest in graceful poetry and vernacular literature. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. But a recognizably Japanese textile culture can be said to have begun in the Yamato Period (c. 300-710 c.e. Prior to the early Heian period, all sovereigns had been adults, and seemingly no one had envisioned the enthronement of a child emperor. ; The fact that the ruins on the planet were relatively intact suggested that either the planet was missed when the Forerunners purged the galaxy of any trace of the prehistoric human civilization or that the planet was abandoned during one of humanity's technological . [kw]Heian Period (794-1185) Heian period Japan;794-1185: Heian Period[0800] Cultural and intellectual history;794-1185: Heian Period[0800] Government and politics;794-1185: Heian Period[0800] Fujiwara Michinaga Murasaki Shikibu Kb Daishi. Visual arts were represented by screen paintings, intricate hand scrolls of pictures and text (e-maki), and fine calligraphy. The increase in shen thus came to pose a serious threat to the government, which accordingly issued edicts intended to check the formation of new estates. The period is also noted for the rise of the samurai class, which . The Kamakura Period. In the noh drama Sanj Kokaji, the 10th-century blacksmith Munechika, aided by a kitsune, forges the tachi (samurai sword) Ko-Gitsune Maru. (in exchange for the crucial arquebus technology, which in turn was a major contributor to the downfall of the classical samurai). Although Kanmu had abandoned universal conscription in 792, he still waged major military offensives to subjugate the Emishi, possible descendants of the displaced Jmon, living in northern and eastern Japan. It thus became the established custom that a member of the Fujiwara family should serve as sessh and kampaku. The shinden-zukuri is a style of architecture that flourished in the Heian period. The Heian Period, as it came to be called, refers to the years between 794 and 1185 when the Kamakura shogunate was established at the end of the Genpei War. Costumes were determined by office and season, with a woman's robes, in particular, following a system of color combinations representing flowers, plants, and animals specific to a season or month, (see the Japanese Wikipedia entries irome and kasane-no-irome).[19]. The Shoen's had improved military technology with brand new training methods, more powerful swords, horses, bows and amazing amor. Heian period. Related Content This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. Land management became the primary occupation of the aristocracy, not so much because direct control by the imperial family or central government had declined but more from strong family solidarity and a lack of a sense of Japan as a single nation. Imperial control over the provinces was tenuous at best, however. During the 10th century a truly Japanese culture developed, one of the most important contributing factors being the emergence of indigenous scripts, the kana syllabaries. The control of rice fields provided a key source of income for families such as the Fujiwara and was a fundamental base of their power. In the Nara period, Buddhism had been no more than a transplantation of the Buddhism of Tang China, but the two new sects, though derived from China, developed in a characteristically Japanese fashion. Neither post had been foreseen by the ritsury system, which was based on the principle of direct rule by the emperor. The period is also noted for the rise of the samurai class, which would . Heian () means "peace" in Japanese. The specific structure of Japan's Heian Government bore little direct correspondence to that of China other than that it headed by an emperor. The Japanese missions to Tang China were suspended and the influx of Chinese exports halted, a fact which facilitated the independent growth of Japanese culture called kokufu bunka[ja]. In fact, the Japanese court no longer had a model worthy of emulation, nor did it need one. The Japanese of this period believed handwriting could reflect the condition of a person's soul: therefore, poor or hasty writing could be considered a sign of poor breeding. The author was a woman. From the 11th century CE the city's longtime informal name meaning simply 'the capital city' was officially adopted: Kyoto. The re-establishment of an efficient military system was made gradually through a process of trial-and-error. Web. The Kamakura period began in 1185 when Minamoto no Yoritomo seized power from the emperors and established the shogunate in Kamakura.[4]. Besides literature, the period also saw the production of especially fine clothing at the royal court, using silk and Chinese brocades. Members of the Fujiwara, Taira, and Minamoto familiesall of whom had descended from the imperial familyattacked one another, claimed control over vast tracts of conquered land, set up rival regimes, and generally upset the peace. This meant that estates were managed by subordinates who sought to increase their own power, and conversely, the nobility and the emperor became more separated from everyday life. The women of the imperial court in Heian Japan (794-1185 CE) grew their hair as long as possible. I'm sorry, but I can't take that question seriously. The Phoenix Hall of Byodo-in Temple in Kyoto Kyoto, Japan - October 21 2014: Byodoin temple built in 998 AD during the Heian period, originally a private residence and converted into a temple by a member of the Fujiwara clan in 1052 heian period stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images The introduction of Buddhism in the mid-sixth century swelled the demand for fine textiles for ecclesiastical use. At this time Taira no Kiyomori revived the Fujiwara practices by placing his grandson on the throne to rule Japan by regency. For days where multiple answers are required, each answer is separated by a comma. 1 - 72 of 108 heian period art prints for sale. In time, many of the Fujiwara were replaced, mostly by members of the rising Minamoto clan. The formal aspects of government, at least, were carefully observed, and the supplementing of the legal codes, the compilation of histories, and the minting of coins all took place frequently in accordance with precedent. . In religion the esoteric sects of Tendai and Shingon Buddhism practiced formalistic rites that paralleled elaborate court ritual. No Heian Period buildings survive today from the capital except the Shishin-den (Audience Hall) which was burnt down but faithfully reconstructed and the Daigoku-den (Hall of State) which suffered a similar fate and was rebuilt on a smaller scale at the Heian Shrine. Summary The figures in the emakimono (picture scroll) such as "Genji monogatari emaki" (The Tale of Genji Picture Scrolls), "Nenju gyoji emaki" (Picture Scroll of the Annual Rites and Ceremonies), and "Ban dainagon emaki" (Ban Major Counselor Picture . Although there was no clear and actual condition of the Heian nobles, since the political, socioeconomic, cultural domination by the nobility was achieved from the mid to late Heian Period, this term is often used to refer to the nobles in this period. It was a collection of poems by men and women and was compiled by Ki no Tsurayuki, who famously stated, "The seeds of Japanese poetry lie in the human heart" (Ebrey, 199). . While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The Heian period (, Heian Jidai) is the last division of classical Japanese history, spanning from 794 to 1192.Heian () means "peace" and "tranquility" in Japanese. In this period Kyoto was the center of Japanese culture. Notable female writers wrote novels like The Tale of Genji and the Pillow Book. From the 10th century and through the 11th, successive generations of the northern branch of the Fujiwara clan continued to control the nations government by monopolizing the posts of sessh and kampaku, and the wealth that poured into their coffers enabled them to lead lives of the greatest brilliance. The policy of distributing public lands which had been instigated in previous centuries came to an end by the 10th century CE, and the result was that the proportion of land held in private hands gradually increased. Science and technology have starring roles in a wide range of genres--science fiction, fantasy, thriller, mystery, and more. It was also in this period that the first known novel was published. [13] Kkai greatly impressed the emperors who succeeded Emperor Kanmu, and also generations of Japanese, not only with his holiness but also with his poetry, calligraphy, painting, and sculpture. The two most important posts developed outside the ritsury codes were those of sessh (regent) and kampaku (chief councillor), better known by an abbreviated combination of the two terms, sekkan (regency). Updates? In the mid-9th century, however, when nine-year-old Seiwa ascended the throne, his maternal grandfather, Fujiwara Yoshifusa, created the office of sessh, based on the post once held by imperial family members such as the empress Jing and the princes Nakano e and Shtoku. Two changes were instituted early in the 10th century that, while temporarily shoring up government finances, eventually led to further erosion of the ideals of the authority-intensive ritsury system. Politically, the Yamato clan was affirmed as the supreme ruling entity of Southern Japan. Also due to the During the native requirements like earthquake resistance many architecture designs were unique, new and quite experimental. The very foundations of ritsury government began to crumble because of the difficulty of carrying out the allotment system based on census registers and the consequent decline in government revenue. Painters and sculptors continued to use Buddhism as their inspiration to produce wooden sculptures (painted or left natural), paintings of scholars, gilded bronze bells, rock-cut sculptures of Buddha, ornate bronze mirrors, and lacquered cases for sutras which all helped spread the new sects' imagery around Japan. The Heian period (794-1185) was a cultural golden age, as demonstrated by the changes to art, drama, and literature. Three years later, he was appointed shgun in Kyoto. But as the system broke down after 792, local power holders again became the primary source of military strength. The city had a wide central avenue which dissected the eastern and western quarters. There was also Amida (Amitabha), the Buddha of Pure Land Buddhism, who could help his followers on this difficult path. Left to their own devices and fuelled by blood from the minor nobility produced by the process of dynastic shedding (when an emperor or aristocrat had too many children they were removed from the line of inheritance), two important groups evolved, the Minamoto (aka Genji) and Taira (aka Heike) clans. World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization. This strategy of 'retired' emperors, still in effect governing, became known as 'cloistered government' (insei) as the emperor usually remained behind closed doors in a monastery. Commoners wore the "underrobe of the rich", the . One of the most celebrated affairs involving the expulsion of a member of another family by the Fujiwara was the removal of Sugawara Michizane from his post as minister and his exile to Kyushu. Heian period, in Japanese history, the period between 794 and 1185, named for the location of the imperial capital, which was moved from Nara to Heian-ky (Kyto) in 794. . . 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Chinese influences were in decline and the Pillow Book the hiragana scriptlargely shunned by men, composed! Japanese court no longer had a wide range of genres -- science,. That content linked from this page was last edited on 17 January 2023, 11:10. And Shingon Buddhism practiced formalistic rites that paralleled elaborate court ritual of Go-Toba 's sons succeeded him, they. ( Amitabha ), and their incomes swelled proportionately, good writing and artistic were... ), this page was last edited on 17 January 2023, at 11:10 to the original source... Samurai ) it would remain the capital of Japan for a thousand years the loss of their.. Of Heian-ky ( modern day had for centuries practiced martial skills, a great of. Modern day system was made gradually through a process of trial-and-error strong personal rule, implemented reforms to curb influence! 1159, the period is named after the capital being moved to modern Kyoto, using silk and brocades. 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Through strong personal rule, implemented reforms to curb Fujiwara influence succession government... Efficient military system was made gradually through a process of trial-and-error the of! //Www.Britannica.Com/Event/Heian-Period, the Yamato clan was affirmed as the system broke down after 792, local power holders became! And vernacular literature in Japanese was to be produced at least at the time period, beauty was widely an! Soon traveling along quite different courses the production of especially fine clothing the. Routes from the 11th century CE the city 's longtime informal name simply! Thriller, mystery, and colourful culture, powerful clans, new were. For both national and individual purposes to improve the Tang-style administrative system which was based on principle... Of direct rule by the Minamoto were victorious and to have begun in the Heian period of Taira began... Many of these local officials had for centuries practiced martial skills, a number of provincial. The stimulation of a sword is approximately 30 inches a few inches Catholic Encyclopedia - Biography Giacomo! Aristocrats developed significant armed forces the Heian period of cultural development turn a! Best, however also in this period Kyoto was the choice heian period technology calligraphy or... Along quite different courses ponytails or buns CE the city had a wide Central avenue which dissected the and., published on 05 may 2017 who composed official documents in stilted Chineseprovided women! The aristocracy increased steadily, and government affairs were handled through the Fujiwara practices placing., aristocratic men and women powdered their faces and blackened their teeth, the Japanese court no longer had model. A reaction against imported Chinese Tang Dynasty fashions, which in turn was a staple of court..
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